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More than one in three adults in the United States has prediabetes, higher-than-normal blood sugar levels that can lead to diabetes. And more than one in 10 has diabetes, characterized by still higher blood sugar levels that can eventually lead to eye problems, heart disease, a stroke, nerve damage and other serious health issues.
It’s possible to avoid these complications by keeping your blood sugar in check. What you eat, when you eat, your exercise habits, and even how stressed you are all can affect how high (or low) your sugar level goes.
“You don’t want to wait until you have prediabetes or diabetes to start thinking about it,” said Dr. Elizabeth Halprin, chief of adult diabetes at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston. “You want to think about it to prevent it.”
What is blood glucose?
Your body breaks down the carbohydrates you eat and turns them into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. This is the body’s primary source of energy.
Your pancreas senses how much glucose, or sugar, is in the blood and produces a corresponding amount of the hormone insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let sugar into your cells, which use it for fuel.
Some sugar normally remains in the blood and binds to proteins, like hemoglobin. This isn’t a problem in and of itself, but too much can be a bad thing.
“Think about when you spill milk or something sweet on the floor and how sticky it gets,” said Dr. Susan Spratt, a professor of medicine in the division of endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition at Duke University. “That’s what’s happening inside your body. It attaches to all of your vessels and kind of gums everything up.”
When blood sugar is consistently high, some people develop insulin resistance: The body stops responding well to insulin and cells don’t take in enough glucose from the blood. The pancreas produces more insulin, but eventually can’t keep up, resulting in high blood glucose levels and, ultimately, prediabetes or diabetes.
Over time, excess sugar in the blood can damage blood vessels, leading to the long-term complications of diabetes.
How is blood sugar measured? And how do you know if your level is healthy?
A hemoglobin A1C test measures what percentage of your red blood cells have glucose stuck to their hemoglobin. The test helps doctors estimate your average blood sugar over the last three months. A blood glucose test directly measures how much sugar is in your blood at a point in time.
Doctors usually measure glucose and A1C with blood drawn from a vein. (They can also use a finger stick test.) They typically test your glucose when you are fasting, meaning you haven’t eaten for at least eight hours, to get an accurate base line. If your fasting glucose and A1C levels are both above certain thresholds — or if one of them is, on two separate tests — doctors can diagnose diabetes.
In a blood glucose test result, you may see the terms “fasting” or “random.”
“Random” means at any time, without regard to when you last ate. For the result to be used to diagnose diabetes, you’ll need to fast.
A fasting glucose under 100 mg/dL is considered healthy and normal. Between 100-125 mg/dL is consistent with prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or above indicates diabetes.
You don’t have to fast for a hemoglobin A1C test.
A hemoglobin A1C value of 5.6 percent or lower is considered normal. A value between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. A value of 6.5 percent or higher is consistent with diabetes.
Doctors aim to keep A1C levels under 7 percent in patients with diabetes to reduce their risk of developing complications while also avoiding hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar levels that can lead to lightheadedness, tremors or an irregular heartbeat and, in severe cases, can impair brain functioning.
Wearable sensors called continuous glucose monitors, which measure blood sugar in real time, can be particularly helpful for patients at risk of hypoglycemia, doctors said.
How often should I get tested?
The answer depends on your health and risk factors.
The American Diabetes Association recommends that physicians initiate blood sugar testing in any adult who is overweight or obese and has any additional risk factor for diabetes. These include having a first-degree relative with diabetes, or having heart disease, high blood pressure or polycystic ovary syndrome. Being of African American, Asian American, Latino, Native American or Pacific Islander descent is also considered a risk factor because diabetes is more prevalent in these groups than in white patients because of biological and socioeconomic factors.
If results show you are prediabetic, you should have your blood tested annually. If your results are normal, you should be tested every three years.
People who don’t have risk factors should begin testing at age 35.
How does food affect your blood sugar?
Foods that are heavy in starch or carbohydrates — such as pasta, rice, bread and potatoes — or that are sugary, like cookies and soda, increase your blood sugar.
“In a person who has diabetes, the relationship between insulin and glucose is deranged,” Dr. Halprin said. Sugar spikes cause the pancreas to release a lot of insulin. Blood sugar can then crash, which may produce cravings and leave you feeling unwell.
Eating protein and fats alongside carbohydrates can slow down their absorption and keep blood sugar more steady. “The rise is not as high, and the drop is not as rapid,” Dr. Halprin said.
Skipping or delaying meals and drinking alcohol in excess or on an empty stomach can cause low blood sugar, especially in people with diabetes.
What else can cause blood sugar to spike or dip?
Exercise helps bring down blood sugar by using up glucose for energy, building muscle that easily takes up glucose and reducing body fat that makes your cells resistant to insulin.
Stress causes a hormone called cortisol to increase, which signals the liver to release more glucose into the blood, Dr. Spratt said.
Sleep deprivation can also cause your cortisol levels to go up, she said. And not sleeping well can indirectly affect blood glucose by making it harder to eat well, lose weight, exercise and deal with stress, Dr. Halprin said.
How do you keep your blood sugar in check?
Doctors recommend that patients with diabetes or prediabetes eat a plate that is half leafy green vegetables, one quarter lean protein like fish or lentils, and one quarter starch. Thinking about your meals this way can help people without diabetes stay healthy, too.
Often, doctors work with patients to identify realistic and culturally appropriate changes.
“You don’t just want to tell someone who’s Hispanic, for instance, to stop eating rice and plantains and eat salad,” Dr. Halprin said. “That’s just not going to work.”
She might instead recommend eating smaller portions of rice and more beans, which are high in protein and rich in fiber that makes you feel fuller longer. Whole grains can also be healthier: Swapping out white for brown rice, for example, can lessen blood sugar spikes. And adding vegetables, which are also high in fiber and don’t increase blood sugar, helps, as does avoiding sugary drinks like soda and juice.
“Sometimes it’s one thing that they can cut out — and maybe they don’t miss it a whole lot,” said Dr. Elizabeth Vaughan, associate professor of medicine at the University of Texas Medical Branch.
Exercise — even just walking for 10 minutes after a meal — can help lower your blood sugar. It also can help with losing weight, which doctors say is an essential part of managing diabetes, in part because it reduces insulin resistance.
What drugs lower blood sugar?
When these interventions aren’t enough, doctors may prescribe medication. Metformin is a cheap and widely used first-line drug that helps the liver produce less glucose. Sulfonylureas are another older, inexpensive class of drugs that stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin, but they can cause blood sugar to drop too much and can lead to weight gain.
Diabetes drugs like Ozempic and Jardiance are more expensive, but can help with weight loss and lowering blood sugar. Insulin, which can also be expensive and must be injected, is often effective when other medications aren’t, doctors said.
“If you have a glucose problem and you’re not able to control it with diet, exercise, and getting better sleep and managing your stress, don’t say no to meds,” Dr. Spratt said.
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